Introduction of new methods, technologies, and diagnostic equipment often requires special tuning or ad hoc adjustments, which may result in a number of comparative verification tests to be conducted. This is partly due to the adoption of a new solution built on the application of a non-focusing X-ray optics technique for the parallel primary beam (The Debye-Scherrer Scheme) which makes not only the parallel surfaces of a specimen, but all crystal lattice planes involved in the diffraction process.
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This feature allows measurement of only surface stresses using an X-ray method.įollowing stationary X-ray diffractometers used for laboratory measurements, portable X-ray diffractometers that appeared a few years ago can be taken out into field for measurements of stresses in a structural material or component. In order to ensure radiation safety, modern diffractometers use “soft X-rays” with a quantum energy not greater that 20–30 keV which allow residual stress measurements through the thickness of a thin surface layer equal to the penetration depth of X-rays (not exceeding a few tens of micrometers for steel ).
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The X-ray method to measure surface stresses which is used in the diffractometer is based on the registration of diffraction peaks which shift relative to their unstressed position on the surface of a specimen. The measurement tool which the technique relies on is the X-ray quantas having wavelength which is commensurate with the measured spacing in the crystal lattice of a metallic structure, and the reflection angle from the crystal lattice planes is strongly correlated with the wavelength of X-ray radiation and the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample and is governed by the diffraction equation. Although it achieves stress measurements with high accuracy, the X-ray method requires a special preparation of the surface of a measured specimen.
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The X-ray technique occupies a special place among existing non-destructive testing methods of measuring mechanical stresses in metals and alloys such as ultrasonic, magnetic, laser-interferometric, acoustic and other methods, because it is the only direct non-destructive method of residual stress evaluation as it offers direct measurement of the crystal lattice deformation by displacement of diffraction peaks.